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These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. For instance, being in a depressed mood increases the tendency to remember negative events. Age has been shown to impact the accuracy of memory as well. However, evidence from neuroscience studies and psychological research demonstrate that memory embodies a reconstructive process which is vulnerable to distortion. The mood congruence effect is the tendency of individuals to retrieve information more easily when it has the same emotional content as their current emotional state. //Reconstructive memory - Wikipedia For example, crime investigators are trained to avoid leading questions when talking to witnesses. Bartlett, F. (1932). Questions whose wording might bias the responder toward one answer over another are referred to as leadingquestions. Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information. While the weapon is remembered clearly, the memories of the other details of the scene suffer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Work on postevent information has been extended in a wide variety of forensically important settings. According to these theories, ones self-concept can distort how events are remembered. Psychological disorders exist that could cause the repression of memories. They make this causal inference because people naturally attempt to piece together the fragments of their past in order to make memory as coherent as possible. Learning and Memory. Another line of research aims to determine whether true and false memories elicit different brain activity. In fact, unless there is another, more likely, reason or source to explain why a memory or experience currently feels familiar, people will typically attribute feelings of familiarity to past experience (Jacoby, Kelley, and Dywan, 1989; Whittlesea and Williams, 2001). For example, if people publicly state that they remember a detail, subsequent suggestions are less likely to induce a change of mind. Source confusion, in contrast, is not remembering the source of a memory correctly, such as personally witnessing an event versus actually only having been told about it. We may also change or exaggerate certain aspects of the event. Increasing evidence shows that memories and individual perceptions are unreliable, biased, and manipulable. Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. This makes it difficult to distinguish which elements are in fact part of the original memory. The mechanisms by which postevent information influence memory became a subject of debate in the 1980s. Memories are a combination of new and old knowledge, personal beliefs, and one's own and others' expectations. Later, participants are interviewed about actual childhood events obtained from the cooperating family members and one invented childhood event (e.g., spilling punch on the parents of the bride at a family wedding). But people can give detailed descriptions of their false memories that sometimes lead them and others to regard the memories as real. However, whether these memories are actively repressed or forgotten due to natural processes is unclear. However, psychogenic amnesia as a memory disorder is controversial. Memory Reconstruction, Source Monitoring & Emotional Memories Memory Reconstruction, Source Monitoring & Emotional Memories. They make actions that are inconsistent with the schema especially easy to remember because these actions require extra processing at the time of study to reconcile them with the schema. Subjects often assert these "false memories" with a high degree of confidence and detail (e.g., that a male as opposed to a female voice spoke the word). These processes are encoding, storage, and retrieval (or recall). Trials may take many weeks and require an eyewitness to recall and describe an event many times. autobiographical memory. In the self-reference effect, memories that are encoded with relation to the self are better recalled than similar memories encoded otherwise. | 1 Loftus, E. F., and Pickrell, J. E. (1995).